March 8, 2011 A Mastering Engineer's Guide to Final Mixdown
“Garbage in, garbage out” is a common saying among mastering engineers. The quality of the source material limits the quality of the final product. Most of my clients have no problem following my simple preparation instructions, but they stop there.
They figure once each mix sounds as good as they can get it, they’re done. In fact, there’s a higher level of refinement that pays huge dividends. I’ll break it down in this mastering engineer’s guide to final mixdown (which I promised in an interview back in January - sorry for the delay!).
1. Choose a reference. Find a major label track with the tonal balance you’re looking for - ideally something that hasn’t been totally decimated in mastering, since you’ll be comparing it to your unmastered tracks. If you followed my earlier advice on using a reference during the mixing process, you’ll want to use the same track here.
2. Load in your tracks. I’m assuming that you’ve already rendered all the tracks for your release as stereo 24-bit or higher .wav or AIFF files, with no processing on the master bus, and that they peak under 0 dB. If they hit 0 dB, that means they’re clipped. Lower the gain on the master bus by 6 dB and try again. Once you’ve got clean mixdowns, fire up your DAW and put each of them and your reference on separate channels, like so:
My reference track and six mixdowns
3. Trim each track down to a representative clip. We’re going to use the loudest section of each track as a stand-in for the entire mix. In most cases, this means trimming all but 15 seconds or so of the chorus. Be sure to solo each channel before you hit play so you don’t blow your ears out! In fact, turn down your reference track by 12 dB right off the bat, since it’s already mastered. You’ll end up with something like this:
A representative 15 seconds of each track (note the timeline at the bottom)
4. Match volumes. Bounce between the reference and your mixdowns, adjusting volume levels until everything matches. Be sure to make the gain adjustment at the clip level, not on the channel, so you won’t lose your settings when we…
5. Line up all the clips onto a single channel. Alternate between reference and mixdown, like so:
Reference, mixdown, reference, mixdown…
6. A/B compare your mixdowns and reference. Hit play and close your eyes. How does each mixdown sound immediately after the reference track? Bright? Dull? Muddy? Boomy? Take plenty of notes, and keep fine-tuning the volume of your clips.
7. Back to the drawing board. Use your notes to make adjustments to your mixes. Import your reference track into each of your projects if you haven’t already. If a mix is too bright, an easy fix is to lower the hi-hats. If a mix is too bassy, ensure the low end is rolled off of non-bass instruments and/or turn down the kick and bass (I detail the process here). If a mix is too muddy, look at cutting some 200-400 Hz, raising some rolloff frequencies, or thinning out the arrangement. Don’t forget to scan the entire track for consistency - not just the chorus.
8. Render, remix, repeat. Open back up our project, shuffle the clips around, take more notes, and keep adjusting your mixes. When they sound consistent, remove the internal reference track clips and shuffle them some more. Eventually you can eliminate the reference track completely. I can’t stress enough how important it is to take frequent breaks! Continue to fine tune your mixes until they match to the best of your abilities, preferably over the course of several days.
Reference, mixdown, mixdown, mixdown…
You may be wondering, “Did I just master my album?” No, but you made your mastering engineer’s job a lot easier (easier still if you passed along the final volume levels of each of your clips). You minimized the amount of EQ your ME needs to use to create a consistent tonal balance, which means less phase coloration. It means that instead of correcting problems in your mixes, your ME can focus on finding the density and punch that best serves your music on a broad range of playback systems. It means no nasty surprises when you hear your mastered release for the first time, because your ME didn’t have to cut 10 dB off the highs to tame that hi-hat you couldn’t get enough of. It means better sound, and ultimately, better sales.
Brian Hazard is a recording artist with sixteen years of experience promoting his eight Color Theory albums. His Passive Promotion blog emphasizes “set it and forget it” methods of music promotion. Brian is also the head mastering engineer and owner of Resonance Mastering in Huntington Beach, California.
Reader Comments (6)
Great advice! I'm going to try this the next time around. Cheers & keep the articles coming!
Will do, thanks!
Thank you for sharing this information. Your series contains some great nuggets I haven't read elsewhere and can wait to incorporate in my mix process. Can't wait for more.
thanks a lot for laying out this process in such a comprehensive way
Record well, don't over compress or eq or you'll end up with a rubbish mix.
Yes you should fit in with the norm somewhat; but trying to balance your own mix off someone else's work is stupid. Reduce the hi hat to fix treble problems? on most beginner recordings you can just mute the channel and still get plenty in the hats in the OHs. Often it sounds nicer like that anyway because your capturing more even harmonics that come from the top of the hats rather than most beginners 'mic it side on at the edge' technique. Sound propagates, so make sure your getting nice spill...
Hi Brian, thanks, excellent. Please, I have a question: when you say "Be sure to make the gain adjustment at the clip level, not on the channel", I do not understand what you mean by "clip level": You mean the gain of the track, that track, here in this pre-mastering stage, or on the contrary, you mean back to the mixing stage of the project before rendering and hence raise the level of the mix? This detail is important, I have understood that once you create the final stereo mix, it is best not to touch levels, and then in the mastering stage, using compressors and limiters, achieve the desired level. Thanks in advance.